Is it true that the “protocols of the Zion sages” describe a real Jewish conspiracy to capture the world?

For more than a hundred years, the theory about the plans of Jews to establish world domination, allegedly set forth in a special document, has been popular among conspiracy theologists and anti -Semites of different countries. We figured out what historians think about it.

For the first time, the “protocols of the Zion sages” became known at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, publicist Mikhail Menshikov in the newspaper "New Time" Published The article “Conspiracies against humanity” - it said about the existence of a certain “rather thick manuscript”, which contains a “secret conspiracy against the human race”. Document appeared In an abbreviated form a year later in the newspaper Banner, completely - in 1905 in book Sergei Nilus is “the great in the small: near the coming Antichrist and the kingdom of the devil on earth.” By the 1920s, the Protocols transferred and Published In Germany, Poland, France, Great Britain, the USA and other countries. Even in the 21st century, they continue to be released in printed form around the world.

The history of the origin of the “protocols” is contradictory, even in the lips of their first publishers. The same Nilus in 1905 declaredthat he received the “protocols” from a certain lady who stole a manuscript in France at a high -ranking Mason during a certain secret meeting. Georgy Butmi in 1907 published a document in the book “Conductive speeches. Enemies of the human race ”, providing the text with a note that the“ protocols ”were mined from the“ secret storage facilities of the Zion Main Chancellery, now located in French territory ”. Ten years later, Nilus changed his testimony, claiming that the nobleman Alexei Sukhotin was handed over to the manuscript, and the “protocols” themselves were presented in 1897 The first Zionist Congress In Basel. In the introduction to the German publication of the book, which also published in 1917, it is completely said that they did not stole any manuscript to deliver it to St. Petersburg: Zionists allegedly sent documents from Basel to Frankfurt, Russian intelligence bribed the courier and was able to remove copies somewhere in the way from one city to another.

Nevertheless, over the past hundred years of the public, neither the original “protocols”, nor allegedly removed by Russian intelligence, were presented. Moreover, in different publications, the content of this document varies significantly, including in quantity These very protocols (the most common option of 24). The formulations contained in the text are extremely vague - it is very strange that in terms of the seizure of the world the stages of its implementation are not described, specific measures are not described to achieve the stated goals, and clear deadlines are not established, etc.

Portraits of those people who were the first to publish the “Protocols” are also indicative.

Mikhail Menshikov, who was the first to report the existence of this document, counts One of the largest and most influential conservative publicists of the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. In his works, Menshikov spoke about the growth of the influence of “non -Russian tribes” as a threat to Russia and demanded to limit the representatives of “alien races” in politics and economics as much as possible. The publicist also justified Jewish pogroms and proposed to ban Jews to take universities.

The “Banner” newspaper, where for the first time they published the abbreviated version of the “Protocols”, was led by Pavel Krushevan. Over the years, he Published Anti -Semitic articles, headed nationalist organizations, accused Jews of ritual murders. According to researchers, the activities of Krushevan in many respects led to Pogrom 1903 In Chisinau, during which 1,500 houses were destroyed and about 50 Jews were killed.

Publisher of the first “complete” text of “protocols” Sergey Nilus in his articles He said About the approaching end of civilization and saw in this the result of a global conspiracy organized by Jews. Similar views Shared And Georgy Butmi, who participated in the preparation of the first editions of the Protocols and supported the Black Hundred movement.

One of the first revelations of the “protocols” appeared in 1921. Journalist of the British newspaper The Times Philip Graves I turned it attention that a significant part of them is a borrowing from Books Maurice Zholi “Dialogs in hell between Machiavelli and Monteskieo, published in 1864. According to the Graves, about 40% of the text of the “protocols” are based on fragments from the work of the Joli, in nine of them borrowings make up more than half of the text, and protocol No. 8 coincides practically literally. The difference between the texts is that Zholi wrote a political satire against the government of Napoleon III - the author (or authors) of the “protocols” simply replaced ministers with Jews. Despite the find of the Graves, the publication of the “protocols” around the world continued.

In 1938, another probable source, from where the creators of the “protocols” borrowed fragments, discovered Vladimir Burtsev. He drew attention to the similarity of many statements set forth in the supposedly Zionist document, and fragments from Hermann Gödsh’s novel “Biarritz” (1868). One of the chapters of this work tells about the secret meeting of the “chosen ones of Israel” at the Jewish cemetery in Prague. From the lips of its participants are the same theses about world domination, achievable thanks to the money and seizure of the press, which will later be reflected in the “protocols”. It should be noted that he did not hide his anti -Semitic views and for some time was a provocateur of the Prussian secret police.

Subsequently, numerous researchers around the world presented evidence of who and how could falsify the “protocols”.

British historian Norman Kon claimsthat the document was created in France between 1897 and 1899 - at that time there was a process on the case Drifus, which was the reason for a wide anti -Semitic campaign. Kon clarifies that with a high degree of probability the fake was in Paris. According to him, a copy of the book of Zholi with notes, which are very similar to borrowing in the “Protocols”, has been preserved in the National Library. At the same time, the historian is confident that the factory of the document is “the work of someone from Russia or a person belonging to the Russian right political wing”. Perhaps this was done by order of the head of agent in Paris Peter Rachkovsky.

Cesare de Mikelis in monographs “Non -existing manuscript: the study of the“ protocols of the Zion sages ”” suggests not only to track the evolution of the “protocols”, but also to pay attention to the text itself. Resorting to textual analysis, scientist Concludesthat the “protocols” were originally written in Russian (and not quite competently), and the French source, apparently, never existed and was mentioned only in order to artificially increase the reliability of the document in the eyes of the public. De Michelis discovers Ukrainianisms in the allegedly French text, typically Russian words like “vodka”, and political terms of the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. The Italian scientist also redesigned the version of borrowings from the text of Maurice Zholi - it turned out that the “protocols” not only have numerous accurate quotes, but also many mistakes when translating from French into Russian. However, Deglis does not share the theories of Kon about the involvement of the head of the guard in Paris in the creation of “protocols”. According to his conclusions, work on the “protocols” ended in Russia in 1903, and their author Pavel Krushevan.

Another popular theory attributes The authorship of the “Protocols” Matvey Golovinsky - this version was nominated by the Russian historian Mikhail Lepyokhin in 1999 and soon supported His Ukrainian colleague Vadim Skuratovsky. Golovinsky participated in the activities of anti -Semitic circles, and then, according to Lepeokhin and Skuratovsky, went to work in Paris. In the newspaper Le Figaro, where he, on the instructions of Rachkovsky, wrote pro -Russian materials, his colleague was Charles Zholi (probably the son of Maurice Zholi), and in 1900 or 1901 Golovinsky began work to create protocols, which were then transported to St. Petersburg.

The authenticity of the “protocols” several decades ago was called into question not only by researchers, but also by state bodies. In the mid-1930s, copies of the document were sold at one event in Bern-Swiss Jews filed a lawsuit because of this. Witnesses on the process performed Representatives of the Zionists, historians, publicists and even Philip Graves, who discovered plagiarism in the “protocols”. During the consideration of the case of a judge They came To the conclusion that the defendants are guilty of the spread of “immoral” literature, and the “protocols” themselves are a fake. Although in 1937 the case was revised, and the punishment was canceled, the court upheld the statement of the fake.

Until now, a truly detective story around the origin of the “protocols” becomes a reason for research. Scientists establish the chronology of events and reveal More and more people who participated in the creation of the text. Although the final consensus has not yet been achieved in this matter, historians converge in one thing: “The protocols of the Zion sages” is a fake created in Russian at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries and has nothing to do with the Jews as a whole or to the Zionists in particular.

Not true

What do our verdicts mean?

Read on the topic:

1. "Protocols of the assembly of the Zion sages" (according to the publication of the Nilus of 1905)
2. V. Burtsev. "Protocols of the Zion sages." Proved forgery / History of Podel-Plagiar
3. N. COHN. Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
4. C. de Michelis. The Non-Existed Manuscript: A Study of the "Protocols of the Sages of Zion"
5. L. Aronov, H. Baran, D. Zubarev. To the background of the “protocols of the Zion sages”: Yu. D. Glinka and her letter to Emperor Alexander III